Impact of Music Improvisation Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 60 and over * Living independently in the community * Sufficient visual and hearing acuity (age-related to normal hearing loss, with assistive devices) as measured by audiometer * Less than three years of formal music training (as indicated by private music lessons does not include group or ensemble classes) and not currently reading or engaging in music performance * English fluency rated fairly well to well * Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 22-30 or diagnosis of "mild cognitive impairment * Not currently taking psychoactive medications, antidepressants, or sleep medications that could adversely affect cognitive abilities. Exclusion criteria: * Medical diagnosis of dementia (any etiology) * Inability to move the hands or use all 10 digits (extensive arthritis, neuropathy, missing digits) * Score \< 22 on Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) * Current (but not prior) severe psychiatric disorder, serious medical condition (e.g., stroke, TIA) that would interfere with participation in the study * Poor English fluency * Musician or previously trained in jazz improvisation, more than three years of formal music instruction or training and/or currently engaged in musical performance * Plans to move out of the area within six months