ELEMENT-MDS: A Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Luspatercept in Participants With Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and Anemia Not Receiving Blood Transfusions

Inclusion Criteria * Participant has documented diagnosis of MDS according to World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 that meet IPSS-R classification of very low, low, or intermediate-risk disease, (intermediate-risk of ≤ 3.5 IPSS-R score) confirmed via bone marrow aspirate and:. i) \< 5% blasts in bone marrow and \< 1% blasts in peripheral blood. * Participant is not transfusion dependent (NTD) based on IWG2018 criteria. * Participant is erythropoiesis-stimulating agent naive. Participants may be randomized at the investigator's discretion if the participant received no more than 2 prior doses of epoetin alfa, epoetin alfa biosimilar, or darbepoetin alfa, with the last dose at least 8 weeks prior to randomization. * Participant has a baseline endogenous serum erythropoietin (sEPO) level of ≤ 500 U/L. * Participant has symptoms of anemia:. i) Participant records a severity score of "moderate" or greater on at least 1 PGI-S item of fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, or dizziness performed during the screening period. * Participant has a baseline Hb concentration prior to randomization of ≤ 9.5 g/dL. The baseline Hb will be calculated using the mean of the two lowest available Hb measurements within 16 weeks prior to randomization and must include at least one central lab Hb reading done within the screening period (no more than 35 days before randomization). The two Hb measurements must have been performed at least seven days apart. Hb levels less than 21 days followi…