This study aims to assess whether adding vibrotactile stimulation to visual and auditory stimulation increases the efficacy of VRET for FoF treatment. Eighty-four participants (18-65 years old) will be assigned to one of three intervention arms, namely the VRET with multimodal feedback (visual, auditory, and vibrotactile; VRET-M), the VRET with bimodal feedback (visual and auditory; VRET-B), or the imagery exposure treatment (IET) without sensory feedback. FoF-related symptoms (primary outcomes) will be measured administering the Fear of Flying Questionnaire-II (QPV-II), the Fear of Flying Scale (FFS), and the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS-A) before and after eight sessions of treatment, and at six- and 12-month follow-ups. Anxiety and the sense of presence experienced during exposure sessions (secondary outcome measures: VAS-A and VAS-P) will also be assessed. It is expected that participants in the VRET-M group will report a further reduction of FoF-related symptomatology after the treatment and at follow-ups compared to participants in the VRET-B and IET groups. Likewise, participants in the VRET-M group are expected to show higher sense of presence levels during exposure sessions in comparison to participants in the VRET-B and IET groups. It is expected that the IET group will report the lowest level of sense of presence and the poorest outcome after treatment and at follow-ups.
Age range
18 Years – 65 Years
Sex
ALL
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Fear of Flying (FoF). Administering the Fear of Flying Questionnaire-II (QPV-II) and the Fear of Flying Scale (FFS).
Timeframe: Before the exposure treatment.
Fear of Flying (FoF). Administering the Fear of Flying Questionnaire-II (QPV-II) and the Fear of Flying Scale (FFS).
Timeframe: After eight sessions of treatment during eight weeks.
Fear of Flying (FoF). Administering the Fear of Flying Questionnaire-II (QPV-II) and the Fear of Flying Scale (FFS).
Timeframe: At 6 months follow-up after treatment termination.
Fear of Flying (FoF). Administering the Fear of Flying Questionnaire-II (QPV-II) and the Fear of Flying Scale (FFS).
Timeframe: At 12 months follow-up after treatment termination.
Anxiety. Administering a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-A).
Timeframe: Before the exposure treatment.
Anxiety. Administering a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-A).
Timeframe: After eight sessions of treatment during eight weeks.
Anxiety. Administering a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-A).
Timeframe: At 6 months follow-up after treatment termination.
Anxiety. Administering a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-A).
Timeframe: At 12 months follow-up after treatment termination.