The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of health warnings on waterpipe smoking behavior in a real-world setting. The primary hypothesis is that hookah café customers who are in the intervention (warning) arm will smoke less than customers who are in the control (no warning) arm, determined by differences in the boost in expired carbon monoxide from café entry to after café exit.
Age range
18 Years
Sex
ALL
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AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Bring these to your next appointment. They're a starting point for a shared conversation — not a sign you qualify or a recommendation to enrol.
Generated to help you prepare — always confirm anything about your own eligibility and care with the study team and your doctor.
The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Change in Expired Carbon Monoxide (eCO Boost)
Timeframe: Baseline and after exiting the café up to 10 hours