The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of health warnings on waterpipe smoking behavior in a real-world setting. The primary hypothesis is that hookah café customers who are in the intervention (warning) arm will smoke less than customers who are in the control (no warning) arm, determined by differences in the boost in expired carbon monoxide from café entry to after café exit.
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AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Change in Expired Carbon Monoxide (eCO Boost)
Timeframe: Baseline and after exiting the café up to 10 hours