Background: Many patients with COVID-19 present the so-called post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 such as fatigue, post-stress discomfort, dyspnea, headache, pain mental impairment, incapacity to perform daily physical tasks ant exercise intolerance. This study aims to investigate the effects of different exercise programs on physical and mental fitness, physical condition and biomarkers of the immune system and oxidative stress in older COVID-19 survivors. Methods: The sample will be made up of 120 eligible participants, over the age of 60 years who have had COVID-19 disease and are survivors and present persistent COVID-19 symptomatology diagnosed by the corresponding physician. The participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental groups: supervised endurance group (SEG, n = 30), supervised strength group (SSG, n = 30), supervised concurrent group (SCG, n = 30), which will perform the corresponding exercise program 3 days a week compared to the control group (CG, n = 30), which will not carry out a supervised exercise program. The design of this project will include assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle fitness, pain and mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness: absolute oxygen uptake
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Cardiorespiratory fitness: relative oxygen uptake
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Cardiorespiratory fitness: ventilation
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Cardiorespiratory fitness: ventilatory equivalent for oxygen
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Cardiorespiratory fitness: ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Cardiorespiratory fitness: respiratory exchange ratio
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Cardiorespiratory fitness: End-tidal partial pressure
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: Sit and stand test
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: countermovement jump
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: countermovement test
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: Upper limb strength
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: hand grip strength
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: Motor Agility/Dynamic balance
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: Isokinetic strength test
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Muscular fitness: Isokinetic strength testing
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Body composition: fat mass
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Body composition: fat free mass
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Body composition: muscle mass
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers: Advanced Oxidation Protein Products
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers: nitrites and nitrates
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of biomarkers of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of biomarkers of antioxidant enzymes: catalase
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of biomarkers of antioxidant enzymes: glutathion peroxidase
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of inflammation biomarkers: Interleukines
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of inflammation biomarkers: adiponectin
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Concentration of biomarkers of inflammation: Tumor necrosis factor
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Evaluation of the degree of pain using the pupillometer: pupil diameter
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Evaluation of the degree of pain using the pupillometer:variation of pupil
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Evaluation of the degree of pain using the pupillometer: pupil variation
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Evaluation of the degree of pain using the pupillometer: Intensity of reflex of dilatation
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Evaluation of the degree of pain with a pressure algometer: algometers
Timeframe: 1 week per group
Mental health
Timeframe: 1 week per group