The aim of the study is to evaluate and to compare the effects of two exercise regimes (Boxing Training -BT and Multicomponent Training -MT) and 12 weeks of follow-up on cognitive health status, physical-functional fitness, and risk of falls in community-dwelling elders. This is a quasi-experimental controlled trial using a parallel-group design. Participants will be allocated to 3 groups (i.e. BT, MT or control group \[no intervention\]). Both exercise programs (BT and MT) will last 24 weeks, twice a week, 45 minutes per session. Participants of all groups will be assessed for Senior Fitness test, and body weight at 4 moments (baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks of exercise and a follow-up period lasting 12 weeks). Our hypotheses are: 1. In comparison with the control group, both exercise groups (BT and MT) will positively improve their physical-functional fitness, cognitive health status and risk of falls with the interventions 2. The observed effects on physical-functional fitness, cognitive health status, and risk of falls as a result of the exercise programs will be similar. 3. During the follow-up period, both exercise groups will experiment reductions on physical-functional fitness, cognitive health status, and risk of falls.
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Change from baseline Upper Body Power at 3 months and at 6 months, respectively.
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline Lower-body strength and power at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline cognitive performance (Inhibition/cognitive flexibility) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline cognitive performance (Processing speed) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline cognitive performance (Selective recall test) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline cognitive performance (Verbal short-term memory and verbal working memory) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline cognitive performance (Memory) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline Psychological testing (Depression) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline Psychological testing (Anxiety and depression) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from Baseline Psychological testing (Stress) at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from baseline on Risk of Falls at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from baseline on Handgrip strength to 3 and 6 months of exercise and 3-months of follow-up, respectively
Timeframe: Baseline, after 3 months of intervention, 6 months, 3 months follow-up
Change from Baseline Brain Activity at 6 months
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Change from baseline Physical-Functional Fitness (upper and lower body strength) at 3 and 6 months of exercise and 3-months of follow-up, respectively
Timeframe: Baseline, after 3 months of intervention, 6 months, 3 months follow-up
Change from baseline Physical-Functional Fitness (8-Foot Up and Go Test) at 3 and 6 months of exercise and 3-months follow-up, respectively.
Timeframe: Baseline, after 3 months of intervention, 6 months, 3 months follow-up.
Change from baseline Physical-Functional Fitness (six-minute walk test) at 3 and 6 months of exercise and 3-months follow-up, respectively.
Timeframe: Time Frame: Baseline, after 3 months of intervention, 6 months, 3 months follow-up
Change from baseline Physical-Functional Fitness (upper and lower body flexibility) at 3 and 6 months of exercise and 3-months follow-up, respectively.
Timeframe: ime Frame: Baseline, after 3 months of intervention, 6 months, 3 months follow-up