The goal of this observational study is to investigate the concentrations of leptin, insulin, liver expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), and cortisol in plasma and breast milk and their relationship with eating behavior, growth, adiposity and with the levels of these hormones in infants, comparing mothers with normal weight and with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity. The main question\[s\] it aims to answer are: * Are maternal hormones associated with child growth and adiposity * Are maternal hormone receptors associated with child growth and adiposity * Are infant hormones and their receptors associated with child growth and adiposity * Are maternal and infant hormones and their receptors associated with child eating behavior Participants will provide milk and blood samples. Researchers will compare mothers with normal weight and with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity to see if there are differences in child growth and adiposity .
Age range
18 Years – 40 Years
Sex
FEMALE
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infant weight
Timeframe: from birth to 2 years old
infant height
Timeframe: from birth to 2 years old
infant body mass index (BMI)
Timeframe: from birth to 2 years old
infant upper arm circumference
Timeframe: from birth to 2 years old
infant skinfold thickness
Timeframe: from birth to 2 years old
infant blood leptin concentration
Timeframe: six months old
infant blood cortisol concentration
Timeframe: six months old
infant saliva cortisol concentration
Timeframe: six months old
infant blood insulin concentration
Timeframe: six months old
infant insulin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Timeframe: six months old
infant leptin receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Timeframe: six months old
infant glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Timeframe: six months old
infant blood LEAP2 concentration
Timeframe: six months old
infant eating behavior assessed in a Taste acceptance test
Timeframe: at 18 month od