Feasibility and Utility of Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) - Driven Advanced Intraoperative Visualization and Identification of Critical Anatomic Structures and Procedural Phases in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Inclusion Criteria * All patients age \> 18 years old who are planned for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy; spoken command and literacy in the native language spoken at each participating center; ability to understand and follow study procedures; and having provided signed consent. * Eligible patients will be screened and assigned as per risk calculator for difficulty of LC * Diagnosis: * All patients with clinical suspicion and diagnosis of symptomatic cholelithiasis or cholecystitis planned for cholecystectomy. * Typical imaging as per standard workup findings including US, CT and/or MRI. Plain radiographs and contrast imaging may be obtained by referring physicians and are helpful for confirming the clinical diagnosis. * Prior therapy: o Patients with prior surgery are eligible for enrollment. * Laboratory: * Hemoglobin \> 9 g/dL * Platelet count ≥75,000/µL (may receive transfusions) * Normal prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) \< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (including patients on prophylactic anticoagulation) * Liver Function Test * Renal function: Age-adjusted normal serum creatinine * Adequate pulmonary function: Defined as no dyspnea at rest, and a pulse oximetry \>94% on room air if there is any clinical indication for determination. Exclusion Criteria * Non-elective acute cholecystectomy will be excluded. * Patients assigned to FDA cleared ICG-based visualization are contraindi…