Aggressive Intravenous Hydration With Lactated Ringer's Solution for Prevention of Post-ESWL Pancreatitis

Exclusion criteria

• ✕. Patients readmitted to the hospital for ESWL during the study period.
• ✕. Acute pancreatitis in the last 3 days.
• ✕. Signs of congestive heart failure, such as pitting edema or a New York Heart Association classification greater than class I heart failure. For patients ≥ 70 years old, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac ultrasound would be performed before ESWL. Patients with BNP\>100pg/ml or Ejection Fraction value\<50% should be excluded.
• ✕. Respiratory insufficiency (pO2 \< 60 mmHg or saturation \< 90% despite FiO2 of 30% or requiring mechanical ventilation). For patients ≥ 70 years old, pulmonary function tests would be performed before ESWL. Patients with Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) \<70% are excluded.
• ✕. Severe liver disease (cirrhosis, liver abscess).
• ✕. Patients receiving more than 1.5 mL/kg/h or 3 L/24 h of intravenous fluids in the 24 h before ESWL.
• ✕. Hypotension (systolic blood pressure \<90 mmHg or mean arterial pressure \<70 mmHg).
• ✕. Hypo- or hypernatremia (serum Na+ levels \< 130 or \> 150 mmol/L).