The goal of this clinical trial is to examine effects of training involving rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on upper-limb movements and functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study employed a 21-day randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the efficacy of upper-limb training involving RAS on upper-limb function and neural activity in PD patients. The RAS group showed sustained improvements at one-month follow-up.
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The box and block test (BBT)
Timeframe: Baseline (T1). Before the training. BBT requires 8-10 minutes to administer.
The box and block test (BBT)
Timeframe: Day 8 (T2). During the training. BBT requires 8-10 minutes to administer.
The box and block test (BBT)
Timeframe: Day 15 (T3). During the training. BBT requires 8-10 minutes to administer.
The box and block test (BBT)
Timeframe: Post-intervention (T4). BBT requires 8-10 minutes to administer.
The box and block test (BBT)
Timeframe: One-month follow-up (T5). BBT requires 8-10 minutes to administer.
The Jebsen hand function test (JHFT)
Timeframe: Baseline (T1). Before the training. JHFT takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
The Jebsen hand function test (JHFT)
Timeframe: Day 8 (T2). During the training. JHFT takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
The Jebsen hand function test (JHFT)
Timeframe: Day 15 (T3). During the training. JHFT takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
The Jebsen hand function test (JHFT)
Timeframe: Post-intervention (T4). JHFT takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
The Jebsen hand function test (JHFT)
Timeframe: One-month follow-up (T5). JHFT takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor section (MDS-UPDRS III)
Timeframe: Baseline (T1). Before the training. MDS-UPDRS III takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor section (MDS-UPDRS III)
Timeframe: Post-intervention (T4). MDS-UPDRS III takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor section (MDS-UPDRS III)
Timeframe: One-month follow-up (T5). MDS-UPDRS III takes approximately 15 minutes to administer.
The Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT)
Timeframe: Baseline (T1). Before the training. Before the training. NHPT takes approximately 5 minutes to administer.
The Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT)
Timeframe: Day 8 (T2). During the training. NHPT takes approximately 5 minutes to administer.
The Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT)
Timeframe: Day 15 (T3). During the training. NHPT takes approximately 5 minutes to administer.
The Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT)
Timeframe: Post-intervention (T4). NHPT takes approximately 5 minutes to administer.
The Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT)
Timeframe: One-month follow-up (T5). NHPT takes approximately 5 minutes to administer.