Optimal rTMS for Cognitive Deficits and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Inclusion Criteria: * Met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Five Edition (DSM-V) diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and the diagnosis was verified by an experienced psychiatrist based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) 7.0 . * Age between 18 and 60. * Patients with prominently negative symptoms, which was defined as: PANSS negative subscore≥15 points and one of items N1-N7 scoring≥4. * All patients were in stable clinical conditions (reduction rate of PANSS score\<10% within 4 weeks), stable antipsychotic treatment for at least 4 weeks, and able to provide informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Any contraindication for rTMS (e.g., intracranial metal, pacemakers, cochlear and intracranial hypertension). * Unstable clinical condition (e.g., being aggressive and uncooperative). * Current substance abuse. * Any other psychiatric diagnosis. * Significant medical condition including neurological disease, severe cardiovascular, hepatic, renal diseases. * Previous treatment with modified electric convulsive therapy (MECT) within 3 months before enrollment.