MYELOMATCH: A Screening Study to Assign People With Myeloid Cancer to a Treatment Study or Standard of Care Treatment Within myeloMATCH (MyeloMATCH Screening Trial)

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants must be suspected to have previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Participants with AML cannot have a history of previously treated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) or MDS. * Participants must be \>= 18 years of age. * Participants must not have received prior anti-cancer therapy for AML or MDS. * Note: Hydroxyurea to control the white blood cell count (WBC) is allowed. * Note: Prior erythroid stimulating agent (ESA) is not considered prior therapy for the purposes of eligibility. Participants must not be currently receiving any cytarabine-containing therapy other than up to 1 g/m\^2 of cytarabine, which is allowed for urgent cytoreduction. * Participants are allowed prior use of hydroxyurea, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), BCR-ABL directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, thrombopoietin receptor agonist and lenalidomide, with a maximum limit of 1 month of exposure. * Note: Participants receiving hydroxyurea prior to treatment substudy or TAP assignment must agree to discontinue hydroxyurea within 24 hours before beginning substudy or TAP treatment. * Participants must not have a prior or concurrent malignancy that requires concurrent anti-cancer therapy * Note: active hormonal therapy is allowed * Participants must have a Zubrod Performance Status evaluation within 28 days prior to registration. * Participants must agree to have translational medicine spe…