This study is designed to advance the promising yet underutilized research on retrieval practice by evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of two key retrieval practice features (feedback and spacing). The study uses four single case adapted alternating treatments studies, each with 5- to 9-year-old children who are deaf and hard of hearing to evaluate the effects of feedback and spacing on the efficiency of word learning and retention.
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Labeling - Acquisition Effectiveness
Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).
Labeling - Acquisition Efficiency
Timeframe: End of intervention. The intervention ends when the participant achieves >75% accuracy 3 sessions in a row (up to 6 months).
Labeling - Retention Effectiveness
Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends
Labeling - Retention Efficiency
Timeframe: Four weeks after the intervention ends