Therapeutic Strategies for Microvascular Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes

Inclusion criteria: * History of type 1 diabetes, duration \> 5 years * Age 18-40 years * HbA1c \< 8.5% * BMI 19-34.9 kg/m2 * Using insulin for diabetes treatment only (multiple daily injections or insulin pump with or without sensor augmentation) * On stable regimen of non-diabetic medications for the last 6 months * All screening labs within normal limits or not clinically significant * C-peptide \<0.6 ng/ml Exclusion criteria: * Pregnancy or currently breastfeeding * Smoking history within 6 months * History of microvascular (microalbuminuria, retinopathy, neuropathy) or macrovascular diabetes complications (coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease) as well as clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias or conduction disorders * Taking vasoactive medications (i.e. calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme or renin inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, nitrates, alpha-blockers). * Known hypersensitivity to perflutren (contained in Definity© contrast) * Screening O2 saturation \<90% * Musculoskeletal condition preventing participation in exercise testing or exercise training * Acute or unstable disease other than T1D * Hypoglycemia unawareness (based on Clarke's questionnaire) * History of gastroparesis, severe gastroesophageal reflux, pancreatitis, personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 * Anemia (hemoglobin \<12 g/dL in women, hemoglobin \<13 g/dL in men), eosinophilia (absolute …