the Efficacy of Fetal Arterial and Venous Doppler Indices in Predicting Perinatal Outcome

Inclusion Criteria: * The included women age will range between 18 and 35 years old. * They will carry a singleton healthy living fetus at a gestational age between 34 and 39 weeks (confirmed by a reliable date for the last menstrual period or/and 1st trimester ultrasound scan). * known to be diabetic in the current pregnancy (PGDM or GDM). Exclusion Criteria: * Women with other maternal medical disorders that may affect perinatal outcome rather than diabetes were excluded from the study. * women with pre-labour rupture of membrane. * antepartum hemorrhage, fetuses with congenital anomalies . * who will receive respiratory depressants (e.g., opioid analgesics) within 2 hours of delivery.