Quercetin's Effect on Bone Health and Inflammatory Markers

Inclusion Criteria: * Clinically defined as postmenopausal (absence of menstrual cycle for 12 months without contraceptives or the surgical removal of the reproductive organs) * Activity levels ranging from sedentary to recreationally active were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Hyper- or hypothyroidism (uncontrolled) * Hyper- or hypoparathyroidism * Gastrointestinal disorders * Renal disorders * Orthopedic disorders * Rheumatological disorders * Immunological disorders * Type I diabetic * Being treated with any diabetic injectable medication(s). * Taking any non-steroidal, steroidal, or anti-inflammatory drugs * Currently, or in the past 1 month, were consuming daily calcium * Currently, or in the past 1 month, were consuming more than 5,000 IU's of vitamin D supplements * Taking any anti-obesity medications * Taking any osteoporotic medication(s) * Taking any long-term antibiotics. * Current smoker * Diagnosed with osteoporosis, or if their BMD was equal to, or fell below -2.50 via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) during visit 1 * Involved in heavy resistance training * Began a new unaccustomed exercise routine during the 90-days * Allergies to food(s) rich in QUE such as onions, apples, or berries; or if they were unwilling to avoid quercetin-containing foods.