Noninvasive Hemoglobin Monitoring by Spectrophotometry in Blunt Abdominal Trauma Patients for Conservative Management

Inclusion Criteria: * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I to III, of either sex, 18 -80 years of age, non-sedated non-intubated patients who will be admitted to Ain Shams university hospital - surgical intensive care unit, after blunt abdominal trauma planned for conservation. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with fever, hypothermia, history of a neurological, psychiatric, dementia or, who are taking psychotropic drugs Patients with unstable hemodynamic status, and unconscious patients.