Evaluating the Vitamin K2 Status of Calcium-based Stone Formers

Inclusion Criteria: * Male/Female, 18 - 65 years old * No self-reported kidney stones during their lifetime (controls) * Ultrasound examination confirming absence of kidney stones (controls) * Have had at least 1 incidence of a clinically confirmed calcium-based kidney stone in the last 12 months (stone formers) * Ability to collect a clean catch urine sample * Prescription and over-the-counter drugs unchanged for ≥30 days * Willingness to provide medical information, blood, urine, and fecal samples Exclusion Criteria: * Current, or within 30 days, use of antibiotics or antifungals * Current, or within 30 days, use of vitamin K antagonists * Current probiotic use or any use within 14 days of screening sample collection should be recorded * A history or currently undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy 2021-06-29 1.0 Page 4 of 6 * Fecal incontinence * History of disorder with abnormal calcium regulation such as hyperparathyroidism, active malignancy, or osteoporosis.