This study will be a longitudinal multiple-visit observational study, done to identify possible bioindicators of recovery and repair of motor corticospinal pathways which may be targeted by future interventions in infants with perinatal stroke. 65 participants will be recruited and complete 1 visit at time point 1 (0-2 months), and 2 visits at each timepoints 2-5 with windows of +- 4 weeks (3-6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months). Visits will consist of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) assessment during the child's natural sleep, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Motor Behavioral Assessments.
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Change in Cortical excitability measured as presence/absence of motor evoked potentials (MEP)
Timeframe: 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame), 12±1 months, 18±1 months, 24±1 months
Change in Cortical excitability measured by intensity of motor threshold (MT)
Timeframe: 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame), 12±1 months, 18±1 months, 24±1 months
Change in Mean Fractional Anisotropy (FA) within the CST
Timeframe: 1 ±1 month, 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame), 12±1 months, 18±1 months, 24±1 months
Behavioral assessments: General Movements Assessment (GMA) reported on binary (Y/N) scale
Timeframe: 1 ±1 month
Behavioral assessments: General Movements Assessment (GMA) reported on binary (Y/N) scale
Timeframe: 3 ±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) global score
Timeframe: 1 ±1 month
Behavioral assessments: Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) global score
Timeframe: 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame)
Behavioral assessments: Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) global score
Timeframe: 12±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) global score
Timeframe: 18±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) global score
Timeframe: 24±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) Asymmetry Scores
Timeframe: data collected at 1 ±1 month, 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame), 12±1 months, 18±1 months, 24±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Test, 4th edition (Bayley-4) score
Timeframe: 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame)
Behavioral assessments: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Test, 4th edition (Bayley-4) score
Timeframe: 12±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Test, 4th edition (Bayley-IV) score
Timeframe: 18±1 months
Behavioral assessments: Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Test, 4th edition (Bayley-4) score
Timeframe: 24±1 months
Baby Observation of Selective Control AppRaisal (Baby OSCAR)
Timeframe: 1±1 month
Baby Observation of Selective Control AppRaisal (Baby OSCAR)
Timeframe: 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame)
Change in Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT)
Timeframe: 1 ±1 month, 3-6 months (one visit in this time frame), 12±1 months, 18±1 months, 24±1 months