This project will use a longitudinal design with assessments at baseline (T1), post-treatment (T2), 3 month post-partum (T3), 1 year postpartum (T4) and 3.5-5 years postpartum to examine whether the PMEP improves participants': a) mental health (depression, PTSD) and resilience, b) parenting skills, c) birth, infant, and toddler developmental outcomes, and d) lowers re-victimization rates. We hypothesize significantly improved outcomes in the intervention group compared to the control group at post-treatment and at all follow-ups. The pilot will use a quasi-randomized design, with participants assigned to alternating treatment and control blocks. Analyses will be conducted using intent to treat and per protocol methods. Following group assignment, all women will be scheduled for a baseline interview at a time convenient for the participant. Participant interviews will take approximately 1.5 hours. Mothers will be compensated with a gift card in the amount of 40 USD for each interview. In addition to the core evaluation metrics, mothers' demographic information will be obtained (age, relationship status, employment, education, number of children, income). Following the baseline interview, the PMEP will be provided to the treatment group; participants will receive 2-hours of contact time per week for 5 weeks (2-hour sessions, held once weekly). Women will receive reminder calls the day of each session to identify and resolve any barriers to attendance (e.g., transportation). Taxi fare will be supported for women who are unable to obtain transportation if the bus is not feasible. Following the completion of the PMEP groups or - for the control group - after 5-6 weeks has passed, all participants will complete a second interview. This interview will include all of the core measures of hypothesized treatment change, thereby permitting a comparison between women in the treatment and control groups over time. All women will be invited in a third time when their infant is 3 months old and again when their infant is 1 year of age to evaluate parenting and infant outcomes. Women will participate in a brief phone assessment when their children are between 3.5 and 5 years of age that includes all primary study outcomes.
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Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
PTSD Checklist - 5
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
PTSD Checklist - 5
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
PTSD Checklist - 5
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
PTSD Checklist - 5
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Connors Davidson Resilience Scale
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Conflict Tactics Scales - Revised
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3.5-5 years postpartum
Karitane Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to post-test (5-6 weeks later)
Karitane Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 3 months postpartum
Karitane Parenting Inventory
Timeframe: Change from baseline assessment to 12 months postpartum
Pregnancy Risk and Monitoring System (PRAMS)
Timeframe: Differences between groups at 3 months postpartum
Pregnancy Risk and Monitoring System (PRAMS)
Timeframe: Differences between groups at 12 months postpartum
Infant Development
Timeframe: Difference between groups at 12 months post partum
Infant Development
Timeframe: Differences between groups at 3 months postpartum
Infant Behavior Questionnaire
Timeframe: Differences between groups at 12 months post partum
Maternal Sensitivity and Infant Affect Regulation
Timeframe: Differences between groups at 3 months postpartum
Maternal Sensitivity and Infant Affect Regulation
Timeframe: Differences between groups at 12 months postpartum