Regular exercise during pregnancy and postpartum leads to health benefits for mother and child. Inactivity during pregnancy and after delivery is now treated as risky behavior. Physically active pregnant women significantly less often suffer from, among others, gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain, lipids disorders, hypertension, preeclampsia, depressive symptoms, functional and structural disorders, including stress urinary incontinence, back pain or diastasis recti abdominis (DRA). Prenatal physical activity reduces the risk of premature delivery and miscarriage, fetal macrosomia, complications in labor or the risk of metabolic disorders in children. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become one of the most popular trends in the fitness sector. The effectiveness of HIIT on a number of health indicators has been proven in various populations but limited data are available on HIIT during pregnancy. The first hypothesis is that the HIIT, implemented during pregnancy and after childbirth, as a stronger exercise stimulus, will have a better impact on selected biological and psychological parameters of mothers, as well as on selected health parameters of their children, compared to the MICT (moderate intensity continuous training). Therefore, it promises better preventive effects on pregnancy complications and ailments as well as non-communicable diseases occurring in these populations. In the second hypothesis, it was assumed that HIIT and MICT implemented during pregnancy and after childbirth, tailored to the specific needs of the perinatal period, will not differ in the effectiveness of maintaining normal functional parameters in women, including prevention of urinary incontinence, back pain, DRA, etc. Pregnant women who apply for the study will be divided into three groups: those attending the HIIT, MICT or educational programs. During the study, the participants will be under standard obstetric care. As comparative groups, non-pregnant women will be also recruited. The investigators will collect data on selected biological, functional and psychological parameters in the study women at each trimester of pregnancy, during the puerperium and one year after childbirth. The data from the medical documentation on the course of childbirth and the assessment of the new-born, as well as the results of preventive examinations in the study women's children aged one, two, four and six years will be also analyzed.
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Changes in maternal oxygen consumption, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in maternal heart rate, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in systolic blood pressure, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in diastolic blood pressure, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in blood glucose level, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in triglycerides, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in high-density lipoproteins, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in urea, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in creatinine, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in maternal weight, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in maternal Body Mass Index during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in maternal neuromuscular activity of pelvic floor muscles, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire score, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the Urogenital Distress Inventory score, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the inter-rectus distance, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the center of pressure excursions (static balance), during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in lumbar spine mobility, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in cervical spine mobility, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in foot loading, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters: step length, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters: step width, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the hand grip strength, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the pressure pain tolerance in the hand area, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the pressure pain tolerance in the forearm area, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in number of errors in the Stroop Interference test (version S8: congruent/incongruent), during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in reaction time based on the Stroop Interference test (version S8: congruent/incongruent), during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the Beck Depression Inventory - II score, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in the Fear of Childbirth questionnaire scores, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Changes in cortisol level in hair, during and after pregnancy
Timeframe: Before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (during the first 8 months or until birth each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks; during the next 12 months each cycle lasts 3 months).
Complications of pregnancy: gestational diabetes mellitus
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks) until childbirth.
Complications of pregnancy: gestational hypertension
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks) until childbirth.
Complications of pregnancy: preeclampsia
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks) until childbirth.
Complications of fetal development: fetal growth restriction
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks) until childbirth.
Complications of fetal development: fetal macrosomia
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups before starting the intervention and after the completion of each training or educational cycle (each training or education cycle lasts 8 weeks) until childbirth.
Childbirth parameters: type of delivery
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups in the first two months after their childbirth.
Childbirth parameters: new-born's birth weight
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups in the first two months after their childbirth.
Childbirth parameters: new-born's length
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups in the first two months after their childbirth.
Childbirth parameters: APGAR score
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the pregnant women groups in the first two months after their childbirth.
Childhood outcomes: changes in body weight
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the offsprings at one, two, four and six years of age.
Childhood outcomes: changes in body height
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the offsprings at one, two, four and six years of age.
Childhood outcomes: changes in Body Mass Index
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the offsprings at one, two, four and six years of age.
Childhood outcomes: changes in systolic blood pressure
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the offsprings at one, two, four and six years of age.
Childhood outcomes: changes in diastolic blood pressure
Timeframe: The data will be collected from the offsprings at one, two, four and six years of age.