Serum GPER-1 and Oxidant/Antioxidant Levels on Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * 40 individuals were required to have Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR); * 40 were required to have Non-PDR; * 40 were required to be healthy, without any systemic disease. Exclusion Criteria: * Glaucoma, * Ocular trauma sequelae, * Pathological myopia, * Non-diabetic retinopathy, * A history of previous ocular surgery, * Endocrine disorders (e.g.,thyroidopathy, adrenal gland disorders, pituitary pathologies), * Opacities interfering with fundus examination (e.g., corneal opacity, lens opacity, vitreous cloudiness other than diabetic haemorrhage).