Does Spinal Manipulation Therapy Impact Lumbar Proprioception

Inclusion criteria chronic LBP patients: * Aged between 18 and 50 * History of chronic (\>3months) LBP clinically not attributable to "red flags" (i.e., infection, trauma, fractures, inflammatory spondylarthropathies). * Source of LBP clinically at the L4/5 or L5/S1 segment * No history of vestibular disorders * Body mass index (BMI) \> 16 kg/m2 The presence of any one of the following exclusion criteria will lead to exclusion of the participant: Exclusion criteria chronic LBP patients: * Excessive consumption of alcohol or consumption of other drugs or analgesics within the last 24 h * Pregnancy or breastfeeding * Prior foot/ankle or spine surgery * chiropractic (or other manual) treatment in the last 2 weeks * facet joint, epidural or periradicular injections in the last 6 months * any contraindication to spinal manipulative interventions (or are deemed unable to tolerate SMT to both body sides) * Any neuromuscular diseases that might affect gait and posture and injuries of the motor system with permanent deformities * Body mass index (BMI) \> 30 kg/m2 Inclusion criteria healthy controls: * Aged between 18 and 50 * No episode of musculoskeletal pain in the past 3 months * No history of chronic pain (longer than 3 months) * No history of vestibular disorders * Body mass index (BMI) \> 16 kg/m2 The presence of any one of the following exclusion criteria will lead to exclusion of the participant: Exclusion criteria healthy controls: * Excessive consumption of alcohol …