A Non-invasive Intervention (BreEStim) for Management of Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) After Limb Amputation (Experiment 1)

Inclusion Criteria: * has phantom limb pain (PLP) after amputation of one limb, upper or lower limb; * has chronic pain, \>3 months; * is stable on oral pain medications at least two weeks. (patients are allowed to continue their pain medications, i.e., no change in pain medications.) Exclusion Criteria: * currently adjusting oral pain medications for their PLP; * has pain, but not PLP (e.g., from inflammation at the incision wound of the residual limb); * has a pacemaker, or other metal and/or implanted devices; * has cognitive impairment from brain injury or are not able to follow commands, or to give consent; * has amputation in multiple limbs; * have asthma or other pulmonary diseases; * are not medically stable; * have preexisting psychiatric disorders; * alcohol or drug abuse; * have a history of seizures/Epilepsy, or taking benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants.