Prevalence and Malignant Involvement of Calcified Intrathoracic Lymph Nodes in Patients Undergoing Endosonography

Inclusion Criteria: * Age \>18 years at the time of the procedure * Known or suspected lung cancer or other intrathoracic malignancy based on imaging (CT and/or PET/CT) * Endosonography (EBUS and/or EUS) indicated for intrathoracic lymph node assessment/sampling according to national and international guidelines: 1) enlarged (\> 1 cm on its short axis at CT) and/or PET positive lymph node; and/or 2) conditions at risk for occult mediastinal metastases, such as: i) central primary tumor; ii) primary tumor \> 3 cm; iii) PET negative primary tumor; iv) ipsilateral hilar metastasis (cN1 status). Exclusion Criteria: * Inability or unwillingness to consent * Compromised upper airway (i.e., concomitant head and neck cancer with upper airway obstruction; critical central airway obstruction from any cause) * Contraindication for temporary interruption of the use of antiplatelet (excluded aspirin) or anticoagulant drugs * American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 4