Impact of Netrin-1 in the Pathophysiology of Placenta Accreta Spectrum

inclusion criteria * PAS patients who underwent hysterectomy to allow proper pathologic grading of PAS exclusion criteria * patients with fundal and middle anterior or posterior placenta, * pregnancy associated with morbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, renal disease, history of anemia, blood transfusion, other blood diseases and endocrinal disease; fetal distress or intrauterine growth retardation. * uterine scar pregnancies were excluded