Fluoroscopic Guided vs US-guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy for the Treatment of Stone Disease

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients planned for PCNL at participating institution * Patients of all ethnic backgrounds * Stone size over 10 mm in diameter and a density over 900 Hounsfield units * Patients with a large calculus in the upper third of the ureter Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnancy * infectious disease of the genitals; * conditions that violate the configuration of the kidneys (curvature of the spinal column) * anomalies in the development of the kidneys with impaired configuration and position of the kidneys (horseshoe kidney, bisque kidney, S-shaped kidney, L-shaped kidney, lumbar dystopia, iliac dystopia, pelvic dystopia) * presence of nephrostomy drainage in the target kidney; * urethral stricture or other reason leading to the inability to carry out ureteral catheterization; * other conditions that are contraindications to surgical treatment, such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, acute cardiovascular conditions, liver failure, alcoholism, and drug addiction; * patients who are unable to understand the purpose of the study or refuse further follow-up observation and instructions after treatment; * patients with a history of mental illness; * participation in another research that interferes with this research; * acute renal failure; * dissecting aortic aneurysm; * acute hypertensive encephalopathy; * heavy arterial bleeding; * myocardial infarction less than six months before enrollment in the study; * Stroke less than six months before enrollment in the study; …