Millet-based Muffins, Glycaemic Response, Insulinemic Response and Gastric Emptying

Inclusion Criteria: * for healthy participants * Aged 18-65 years * Body mass index (BMI) ≤ 30kg/m2 * Fasting blood glucose \< 6.1 mmol/l * Non-pregnant and non-lactating * No known diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance * No medical condition(s) or medication(s) known to affect glucose regulation or appetite and/or which influence digestion and absorption of nutrients * No major medical or surgical event requiring hospitalisation within the preceding three months * No use of steroids, protease inhibitors or antipsychotics * No food allergy to millet, wheat, egg and milk. At least one of the following for pre-diabetes participants Fasting blood glucose 6.1-6.9 mmol/l (108-125 mg/ dI) - (WHO, 2006) or/and an Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 2 hours 7.9 to 11.0 mmol/l Exclusion Criteria: * • Pregnant and lactating * Diabetes * Medical condition(s) or medication(s) known to affect glucose regulation or appetite and/or which influence digestion and absorption of nutrients * Medical or surgical event requiring hospitalisation within the preceding three months * Use of steroids, protease inhibitors or antipsychotics (because of their effects on glucose regulation of appetite or influence digestion and absorption of nutrients). * Food allergy to study products (millet. wheat, egg, milk, butter, sugar).