The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the effects of a topical sodium bicarbonate lotion on physiological and psychological responses associated with hydration status and fluid balance in humans during passive heat stress. Currently, the ingestion of sodium has been an effective measure for improvements in fluid regulation and hydration status in humans. However, the investigators do not know its regulatory relationship with measurements of fluid balance when supplemented through the skin.
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Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 30 minute mark.
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 90 minute mark.
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Fluid Retention - Change in Expelled Urine Volume
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -30 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Aldosterone Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -30 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Copeptin Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Kidney Function - Change in Creatinine Response
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -75 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -60 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -30 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Sodium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -75 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -60 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -30 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Potassium Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 1
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 2
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Hydration Baseline Day 3
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -90 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -75 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -60 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the -30 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 0 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 60 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 120 minute mark.
Change in Whole Blood Chloride Levels
Timeframe: Intervention Trial (Day 4) at the 180 minute mark.