The most effective long-term treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery, however, postoperative pain control is challenging in these group of population. Opioid-sparing technique with multimodal analgesia is recommended but the evidence supported is still limited. Multimodal analgesia, particularly lidocaine and ketamine, has been used effectively in various type of surgery. However, the evidence supported their use in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery is limited.
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Opioid consumption
Timeframe: 24-hour
Score of post-extubation cough
Timeframe: up to 24 hours (at extubation period after surgery finished)