The investigators will seek to determine the relationship between heart rate and middle cerebral artery (MCA) cerebral blood flow (CBF), as well as better understand the hemodynamic determinants of MCA CBF velocity. In order to manipulate heart rate, the investigators will recruit patients already scheduled for clinically indicated elective electrophysiological studies, where temporary pacing catheters placed in the right atrium can be used to artificially pace the heart at controlled rates. MCA CBF will be measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Change in MCA CBF velocity in response to high right atrial pacing at 400 ms (150 bpm) relative to baseline while in the supine position
Timeframe: After 1 minute of pacing at 400 ms (150 bpm)