Volunteers will receive a weight-based opioid (remifentanil) infusion for 10 minutes. In the first run, serial pupillary measurements (pupillary unrest, pupil diameter) will be taken at baseline, and at 2.5-minute intervals during the infusion and a 25-minute recovery period afterwards. After a washout period, the experiment will be repeated in each subject (second run). The two runs differ only by presence versus absence of verbal interaction.
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Impact of environmental stimulation on decline in oxygen saturation to ≤ 90%.
Timeframe: 35 minutes
Impact of environmental stimulation on CO2 increase of 15% or more above baseline.
Timeframe: 35 minutes
Correlation between estimated opioid concentration and deviation in pupillary measurement.
Timeframe: 35 minutes