Efficacy of Near-Infrared Vein Imaging for Difficult IV Placement

Inclusion Criteria: * non-pediatric in-hospital patients (≥15 years of age, inpatient and outpatient setting) * willing to provide research authorization * scheduled and consented to undergo peripheral venous cannulation of one of the upper extremities to be performed by one of the members of the Vascular Access Team * determined to be a difficult peripheral venous access defined by one of the following criteria in alignment to the A-DIVA scale to be assessed by one of the members of the Vascular Access Team \[8\]: * failed inspection for more than one visible or palpable suitable vein through conventional methods * failed at least one attempt of peripheral venous cannulation through any methods * history of difficult peripheral venous access * greatest diameter of target vein less than 3mm determined by conventional methods Exclusion Criteria: * clinical contraindication for placement of peripheral venous catheter, including: * severe bilateral upper extremity edema * severe bilateral upper extremity skin burn * severe bilateral upper extremity cellulitis * history of bilateral axillary lymphadenectomy * known severe cardiovascular or pulmonary compromise demanding minimization of procedure time, such as: * severe shock with severe cardiovascular instability * active CPR * major uncontrolled hemorrhage * any condition for which the primary healthcare provider is requesting emergent venous access * scheduled PICC or midline catheter placement * non-English-speaking patient…