Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Inclusion Criteria: * pain and paresthesia in the median nerve distribution * positive Tinel sign, * positive Phalen sign, * symptoms had to have persisted for at least 6 months * deficits of sensory and motor median nerve conduction according to guidelines of the American Association of Electrodiagnosis, American Academy of Neurology, and the American Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Academy Exclusion Criteria: * any sensory/motor deficit related to the ulnar or radial nerve; * older than 65 years of age; * previous surgical intervention, steroid injections or physical therapy intervention * multiple diagnoses of the upper extremity (eg, cervical radiculopathy); * history of neck, shoulder, or upper limb trauma (whiplash); * history of any systemic disease causing CTS (eg, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease); * history of other systemic conditions (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia); * pregnancy;