Cardiovascular disease (CVD) claims more lives each year than cancer and chronic respiratory disease combined. Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces mortality and risk of a major cardiovascular event in secondary prevention populations, including older adults. Older adults are less likely to participate in CR, as comorbidities in this population, including arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, make participation difficult. Singing is a physical activity that involves components of the vagal nerves manifested as changes in cardiac autonomic regulation. Unlike physical exercise, the effects of singing on cardiovascular health has not been well-studied. The hypothesis for this project is that older patients with CVD will have favorable improvement in cardiovascular biomarkers, including, endothelial function and heart rate variability (HRV), after 30 minutes of singing.
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Change in FMD%
Timeframe: At baseline and after 30-minute singing and control intervention(s)
Change in Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)
Timeframe: At baseline and after 30-minute singing and control intervention(s)
Change in Framingham Reactive Hyperemia Index (fRHI)
Timeframe: At baseline and after 30-minute singing and control intervention(s)