Animal and Plant Proteins and Glucose Metabolism

Inclusion Criteria: * age: ≥21 and ≤70 years; * BMI: \>24.5 and \<32.5 kg/m2; * habitual protein intake \<0.9 g/kg/day (assessed on 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days by using the HealthWatch 360 app); and * weight stable (i.e., ≤3% change) and untrained (≤150 min of structured exercise/week) for at least 2 months before entering the study. Exclusion Criteria: * prediabetes or type 2 diabetes; * evidence of chronic kidney disease by medical history or laboratory tests (glomerular filtration rate \<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or an albumin to creatinine ratio in urine ≥30 mg/g); * vegetarians or vegans; * intolerance or allergies to ingredients in the metabolic meal or intervention diet; * take dietary supplements (e.g., pre- and probiotics, fiber, fish oil) or medications known to affect our study outcomes; * received antibiotic or antifungal treatment (which affect the microbiome and therefore microbial metabolite production) 2 months before entering the study; * consume tobacco products or excessive alcohol (women: \>14 drinks/week; men: \>21 drinks/week); * evidence of significant organ system dysfunction or diseases (e.g., cirrhosis), and * unwilling or unable to provide informed consent.