Stopped: After delay due to pandemic, sponsor declined to continue funding.
This study is designed to compare two types of snacks (almonds or a cereal-based snack), eaten between meals, on measures of appetite, including appetitive hormones, self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness, and food intake at a buffet meal or in the home environment. The investigators hypothesize that the acute responses of appetitive hormones to a meal challenge protocol will differ between almond and cereal-based snacks based on multivariate models of satiety that will be predictive of ad libitum food intake at a dinner meal as part of the meal challenge protocol. Further, the investigators will estimate if, under free-living conditions, self-selected and self-reported food intake will show appropriate energy compensation for the added calories of the snacks, and determine if one type of snack is superior to the other in this regard.
Age range
18 Years – 45 Years
Sex
FEMALE
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The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Baseline level and change in cholecystokinin
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in peptide-YY
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in glucose-like peptide 1
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in gastric inhibitory peptide
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in insulin
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in glucose
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in oleoylethanolamide
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in ghrelin
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in leptin
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in orexin
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, 90, 150, 180, 210, 240, and 270 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in endocannabinoid profiles
Timeframe: Baseline, 60 minutes before lunch meal, and 10, 30, and 150 minutes after a lunch meal
Baseline level and change in hunger
Timeframe: Baseline, every 30 minutes up to 480 minutes, and immediately before and after three meals
Baseline level and change in satiety
Timeframe: Baseline, every 30 minutes up to 480 minutes, and immediately before and after three meals
Change in food intake at a dinner meal
Timeframe: Week 1 and 4