Optimizing Benefits While Reducing Risks of Iron in Malaria-endemic Areas

Inclusion Criteria for children with malaria: * Hemoglobin 7.0 - 9.9 g/dL * ZPP \> = 80 µmol/mol heme * P. falciparum positive by Giemsa smear or RDT positive * Temperature ≥ 37.5C or history of fever in past 24 hours Exclusion Criteria for Children with Malaria: * Any WHO criterion for severe malaria, including severe anemia, prostration, cerebral malaria, repeated seizures or symptoms like persistent vomiting, high temperature (\>39.5°C), or tea-colored urine * Severe malnutrition, as evidenced by severe wasting or bilateral pitting edema * Known sickle cell disease * Acute hemorrhage * Known cancer or leukemia * Caregiver does not understand English or Luganda Inclusion Criteria for Community Children: * Same neighborhood, extended household or nearby neighborhood of a child with malaria * Same age group as a child with malaria * Hemoglobin \> = 10.0 g/dL Exclusion Criteria for Community Children * Clinical malaria infection or any active illness within the past 4 weeks requiring medical care * Chronic illness requiring medical care * Major medical abnormalities on screening history or physical exam, including measured temperature ≥ 37.5°C * Known developmental delay or neurologic disorder * Prior history of coma * Caregiver does not understand English or Luganda * Other severe illness such as pneumonia or cardiac failure