Gut hormones, such as PYY and ghrelin, are associated with appetite control and obesity. Protein is thought to be the most satieting nutrient and could affect production of several gut hormones. This study's objective is to find the effect of breakfast with different protein composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake four hours after breakfast. The research methodology was used a clinical trial with 22 obese women participants. Subjects were given three types of breakfast: low protein consumption (12.4% protein), medium protein (23.5% protein), and high protein (40,6% protein). PYY and ghrelin level were measured at 0, 15, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after breakfast. Ad libitum meal was given four hours after breakfast and measured after.
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Ghrelin levels at 0 minute
Timeframe: baseline
Ghrelin levels at 15 minute
Timeframe: 15 minutes
Ghrelin levels at 60 minute
Timeframe: 60 minutes
Ghrelin levels at 120 minute
Timeframe: 120 minutes
Ghrelin levels at 180 minute
Timeframe: 180 minutes
PYY levels at 0 minute
Timeframe: baseline
PYY levels at 15 minute
Timeframe: 15 minutes
PYY levels at 60 minute
Timeframe: 60 minutes
PYY levels at 120 minute
Timeframe: 120 minutes
PYY levels at 180 minute
Timeframe: 180 minutes
GLP-1 levels at 0 minute
Timeframe: baseline
GLP-1 levels at 15 minute
Timeframe: 15 minutes
GLP-1 levels at 60 minute
Timeframe: 60 minutes
GLP-1 levels at 120 minute
Timeframe: 120 minutes
GLP-1 levels at 180 minute
Timeframe: 180 minutes
Glucose levels at 0 minute
Timeframe: baseline
Glucose levels at 15 minute
Timeframe: 15 minutes
Glucose levels at 60 minute
Timeframe: 60 minutes
Glucose levels at 120 minute
Timeframe: 120 minutes
Glucose levels at 180 minute
Timeframe: 180 minutes
Ad Libitum intake
Timeframe: 4 hours
VAS for hunger at 0 minutes
Timeframe: baseline
VAS for hunger at 15 minutes
Timeframe: 15 minutes
VAS for hunger at 60 minutes
Timeframe: 60 minutes
VAS for hunger at 120 minutes
Timeframe: 120 minutes
VAS for hunger at 180 minutes
Timeframe: 180 minutes
VAS for satiety at 0 minute
Timeframe: baseline
VAS for satiety at 15 minute
Timeframe: 15 minutes
VAS for satiety at 60 minute
Timeframe: 60 minutes
VAS for satiety at 120 minute
Timeframe: 120 minutes
VAS for satiety at 180 minute
Timeframe: 180 minutes