Hookah (water-pipe) tobacco smoking has quickly grown to become a major global tobacco epidemic among youth; with electronic (e-) hookahs more recently increasing in popularity especially among young female adults, who endorse marketing claims that these products are a safer alternative to traditional hookah, but scientific evidence is lacking. The study aims to elucidate the comparative effects of traditional hookah smoking vs. e-hookah vaping on human vascular and endothelial function; and examine the role of inflammation and oxidative stress, as likely mechanisms in hookah-related cardiovascular disease pathogenesis.
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Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD)
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions
Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV)
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions
HDL Oxidant Index (HOI)
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) Activity
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions
Arylesterase Activity
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions.
High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) Levels
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) Concentrations
Timeframe: Pre- and post- the 30-minute smoking or vaping exposure sessions