Abatacept in earLy Onset Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Study ALORS

Plain-language summary

Polymyalgia rheumatic (PMR) is a frequent inflammatory disease. It affects the elderly, with peak incidences at the age of 70 to 80 years; an age \>50 years or older, is considered a criterion for the diagnosis. Polymyalgia rheumatica occurs at a frequency that is 3 to 10 times that of giant-cell arteritis. Disease risk varies according to race and geographic region. The incidence is highest among whites in northern European populations (about 20 cases per 100,000 persons older than 50 years of age); it is lower in southern European populations (about 10 cases per 100,000).The diagnosis is based on established ACR/EULAR classification criteria. Long term low-dose glucocorticoid (GCs) (prednisone or prednisolone started at 15 to 20 mg/day progressively tapered) is the mainstay of the treatment. The activity of PMR is evaluated using the PMR-AS, a disease activity score based on morning stiffness, ability to elevate the upper limbs, physician's global disease assessment and pain assessment measured by the patient using VAS, and the C-reactive protein (CRP) level. The PMR-AS is considered as relevant to define relapse and remission but also to decide if treatment have to be decreased, unchanged or increased (PMR-AS \< 10: decrease, PMR-AS \> 17 increase to previous dosage, 10 ≤ PMR-AS ≤ 17: stable dose).. Comorbidity in PMR are due to GCs and 30% of the patients underwent a relapse when tapering GCs. If the investigators able to start prednisone at a lower dosage (i.e. 8 mg then tapered for 3 to 4 months), the cumulative dosage of steroid would not have major side effects but it is not possible without new therapeutic agents. The TENOR study (Tolerance and Efficacy of tocilizumab iN pOlymyalgia Rheumatica), a phase 2 study, demonstrated efficacy of tocilizumab as first line treatment in PMR without GCs and its ability to spare GCs. This was the first study demonstrating that a biologic may improve PMR without steroid, and that also showed that a short treatment by biologic followed by a low dose GCs therapy may be a new concept in the treatment of PMR. Molecular studies in GCA and PMR suggest that dendritic cells initiate the pathogenic cascade and recruit T cells. Two major immune-response networks have been identified related to type 1 helper T-cell (Th1) and to helper T-cell (Th17). Abatacept is comprised of the ligand-binding domain of CTLA4 plus modified Fc domain derived from IgG1. By containing CTLA4, abatacept blocks the engagement of CD28 with its ligand, thereby inhibiting T cell activation. It has recently demonstrated its efficacy in Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) but also in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Due to its good safety profile in rheumatoid arthritis and its potential to modulate T cell activation and derived cytokines, abatacept is an attractive agent to investigate in patients with PMR. In this randomized prospective placebo controlled study, the objective is to demonstrate the ability of abatacept to improve alone PMR and then to allow a steroid sparing effect after this induction treatment, in early onset PMR.

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