The investigators will seek to determine the effects of different heart rates on both stroke volume and cardiac output using non-invasive hemodynamic assessments. In order to safely manipulate the HR, the investigators will study patients with permanent pacemakers in whom heart rate manipulation can be done in a safe and non-invasive manner.
Age range
18 Years – 70 Years
Sex
ALL
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Change in cardiac output while atrial pacing at lower and higher rates while supine
Timeframe: 1 day