Endodontic Regenerative Procedure for Immature Non-vital Teeth

Inclusion Criteria: Subjects followed prospectively * 7-18 years old * salvageable permanent non-vital tooth with immature apex whether anterior or posterior * receiving dental care at the Henry M. Goldman School of Dentistry Historical controls * 7-18 year old * salvageable permanent non-vital tooth with immature apex whether anterior or posterior * received care and has accessible records at the Henry M. Goldman School of Dentistry * had either the Calcium hydroxide apexification or MTA apexification between 2007 and 2017 Exclusion Criteria: * allergic to medications necessary to complete procedure * health status not in: a) ASA-1 no organic pathology or patients in whom the pathological process is localized and does not cause any systemic disturbance or abnormality; nor b) ASA 2 A moderate but definite systemic disturbance, caused either by the condition that is to be treated or surgical intervention or which is caused by other existing pathological processes * history of dental trauma within 6 months due to possibility of internal and external root resorption. * if tooth pulp space is needed for post/core final restoration * pregnancy in female subjects