Effects of Physical Training on Bone Turnover and Quality of Life in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women.

Inclusion Criteria: * postmenopausal * bone mineral density T-score less than -1 but more than -2.5 in the total hip or lumbar spine (L1-L4) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry * be able to attend an exercise program 2 times per week over the 3-month period * stated availability throughout the entire study period Exclusion Criteria: * secondary causes of bone loss such as osteomalacia, glucocorticoid medication * co-morbidities that would interfere with participation in exercise such as severe heart or pulmonary disease, inflammatory joint disease, severe osteoarthritis, psychiatric condition * physical or orthopaedic disabilities that would place the subject at risk or limit their ability to perform exercise * a past vertebral fracture * history of chronic diseases, such as renal, hepatic, cardiac, and rheumatic diseases * current or prior use of drugs that could interfere with bone mass (i.e. glucocorticoids, antiresorptive drugs and hormonal replacement therapy)