Closed-loop Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Refractory Neuropathic Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 21 years * Clinical diagnosis of post-stroke pain (thalamic pain), spinal cord injury or phantom limb pain with allodynia or dysesthesia with pinprick anesthesia or hypoesthesia on the affected hemibody or limb (anesthesia dolorosa). * For Post-Stroke Pain: Stroke of ischemic etiology only. MRI done within one year of the first visit showing a lesion that involves the contralateral brainstem, thalamus or cortex. The lesion will involve cortical-subcortical areas in topography consistent with sensory thalamocortical connections. This will include patients with infarcts in the territory of the middle cerebral artery or those with cavernous malformations. A more recent MRI may be required if the patient's condition changed within the previous year. * For Phantom limb pain: MRI done within one year not showing any contraindication to surgery such as mass, lesion, hemorrhage or other abnormality near target * For Spinal Cord Injury pain: MRI done within one year not showing contraindication to surgery such as mass, lesion, hemorrhage or other abnormality near target * One year or more of medically refractory severe pain (see below) * Average daily pain for the past 30 days reported as \>5 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS) * Failure to respond adequately to at least one antidepressant, one anti-seizure medication and one oral narcotic with current stable doses of medications. * Ability to speak / read English * Capable of understanding and providing …