The Potential of Carnosine Supplementation in Optimising Cardiometabolic Health

Inclusion Criteria: * Age \>=18 or \<=70 years * Weight change \< 5 kg in last 6 months * HbA1c level \<= 8% * Patients with prediabetes (Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia) or type 2 diabetes (diet controlled or on oral therapy) * Patients will have to be on oral therapy for diabetes (without changes in treatment) at least for 3 months. * Patients will be advised not to change their pre-existing therapy for diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors for the duration of the study if HbA1c is not above 8% * No recent blood transfusion (3 months) * No current intake of anti-inflammatory medications and supplements * No significant kidney, cardiovascular, haematological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, or central nervous system disease, as well as no psychiatric disorders, no active cancer within the last five years; no presence of acute inflammation (by history, physical or laboratory examination) * Pregnant or lactating Exclusion Criteria: * Age \<18 or \> 70 years * HbA1c level of \>= 8% * Weight change \> 5 kg in last 6 months * Morbid obesity (body mass index \>40 kg/m2) * Current smoking habit and high alcohol use * Patients on insulin * Taking anti-inflammatory medications or supplements * Recent blood transfusion history * Kidney (estimated glomerular filtration rate \< 30 ml/min), cardiovascular, haematological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, or central nervous system disease, as well as psychiatric disorder, active cancer within the last five yea…