The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of music, played prior to a surgical procedure, on stress levels during induction of anesthesia. Hypothesis: playing "calming" music, pre-selected by the investigator and the patient, beginning just prior to induction and terminating after induction will positively reduce the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate during this period. For this study, noise-cancelling headphones with the ability to play music via an iPod will be utilized.
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Change in Heart Rate from baseline recorded when the headphones are placed on the patient
Timeframe: 15 minutes after headphones are applied, at arrival in the operating room, during induction, during intubation, and one minute after intubation