Endourology Disease Group Excellence (EDGE) Consortium: Antibiotics (Abx) for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Part 2

Age: \>17 years of age Gender: both men and women included. We anticipated enrolling a study population of approximately 60% men and 40% women based on a higher incidence of kidney stones among men in NHANES data. Ethnic background: all ethnicities will be included in the study population and the specific ethnic diversity present in the study population will reflect the geographic distributions of the participating institutions. Health status: see below for specific inclusion/exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria: * Renal stone of any size for which PCNL is recommended * Positive preoperative urine culture within 3 months * Current internalized ureteral stent, nephrostomy tube, nephroureteral stent Exclusion criteria * Patients age \<18 * Active pregnancy * Patients receiving antibiotic doses (other than prescribed for the study) within the seven days preceding surgery