Physiology and Therapeutic Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Inclusion Criteria: Eligible subjects are infants currently inpatient in the NICU or Newborn Nursery at University of Massachusetts Memorial Hospital and: * Full-term infants (\>37 wks gestational age) and late preterm infants (34-37 wks gestational age) * Newborns at risk for NAS due to fetal-drug exposure * At-risk infants will be infants who present with confirmed meconium and/or urine toxicology report (documented in medical chart review) for opioids (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine/subutex, oxycodone, heroin); may also have prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine and/or caffeine. Exclusion Criteria: Eligible infants meeting the inclusion criteria above will be excluded from participation in the study if he/she: * Born less than \<34 weeks. * Has a congenital abnormality * Has a fetal anomaly * Has hydrocephalus or intraventricular hemorrhage \>grade 2 * Has a seizure disorder not related to drug withdrawal * Has a clinically significant shunt * Requires mechanical respiratory support