Predictors of Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression (OIRD)

Inclusion Criteria: * is between 18 and 50 years of age; * weighs greater than 40 kilograms; * is American Society Anesthesiologist (ASA) status 1 \[assessment by PI or delegate\]; * has a BMI between 18.0 and 30.0 \[calculated from measured height \& weight\]; * has completed the appropriate fasting periods for solids and liquids prior to the administration of remifentanil * and has provided written informed consent and is willing to comply with the study procedures. Exclusion Criteria: * has a prior or known allergy to lidocaine or similar pharmacologic agents; * is currently taking any medication other than for birth control; * is currently participating in, or has recently participated in (discontinued within 30 days prior to this study) in an investigational drug study \[self-reported\]; * has a negative Allen's Test to confirm patency of the collateral artery \[clinical assessment by PI or delegate\]; * has made a whole blood donation or has had at least 450 ml of blood drawn within 8 weeks prior to the study procedure \[self-reported\]; * is female with a positive pregnancy test \[serum or urine\], or is female and is unwilling to use effective birth control between the time of screening and study procedure; * has anemia \[measured by venous blood gas sample\]; * has a history of sickle cell disease \[self-reported\]; * has a positive urine cotinine or urine drug screen or oral ethanol test \[POC testing\]; * has a history of narcotic or recreational drug addition \…